Heat the olive oil in a large soup pot over medium heat until shimmering. Add the diced onion and cook, stirring occasionally, until translucent and fragrant, about 5 minutes.
Add the minced garlic and cook for another 30 seconds until it becomes fragrant and just starts to soften.
Place the diced chicken into the pot and cook, stirring occasionally, until it's no longer pink and has browned lightly, about 6-8 minutes.
Add the ground cumin, salt, and pepper, then stir to coat the chicken and onion mixture evenly with the spices.
Pour in the chicken broth and bring the mixture to a gentle simmer, scraping up any browned bits from the bottom of the pot.
Add the drained white beans and diced green chilies to the pot, stirring to combine all ingredients.
Reduce the heat to low and let the chili simmer gently uncovered for about 20 minutes, allowing flavors to meld and the broth to thicken slightly.
While the chili simmers, squeeze the juice of a lime over the mixture and stir in chopped cilantro to add brightness and freshness to the dish.
Taste and adjust seasoning with additional salt, pepper, or lime juice as desired.
Serve the white chicken chili hot, garnished with extra cilantro if desired, in bowls alongside crusty bread or a simple salad.